As concerns over the long-term sustainability of land management practice grow, studies investigating soil property and yield responses over time are important for determining if certain agricultural management practices will improve and sustain high soil quality and crop productivity. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of tillage [conventional (CT) and no-tillage (NT)], residue burning (burn and non-burn), and residue level (low and high, achieved with differential N fertilization) on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield, total soil C and N, and soil organic matter (SOM) in the plow layer after five years of consistent management. A field experiment consisting of a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-soybean double-crop production system was initiated in 2001 in the Mississippi River Delta region of eastern Arkansas on a Calloway silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, active, thermic Aquic Fraglossudalf). Results showed an initial soybean yield decline in the first three years followed by a yield increase over the subsequent two years. Soil OM and total C contents increased over time indicating that Arkansas Delta silt-loam soils have the potential to sequester C at increasing rates beyond 5 years, a result which was expected due to the relatively low soil OM in many Delta-region silt-loam soils. Total soil C was consistently greater under NT, non-burning, and the low residue level compared to CT, burning, and the high residue level treatments. Total soil N was inconsistently affected by alternative residue management practices over time. With appropriate residue management practices, the wheat-soybean double-crop production system has the potential to improve soil quality and maintain long-term productivity of silt-loam soils in the Mississippi River Delta region of the mid-southern United States.