Deep row incorporation of biosolids is a unique alternative land application method that will prevent odor problems and may allow the application of considerably higher than currently permitted mineland reclamation rates of 112 dry Mg/ha. The research goal is to assess potential environmental consequences of employing the deep row incorporation of biosolids on mined land where they may restore productivity for use as hybrid poplar plantations. Our objective is to determine the forms, mobility and potential for transport of biosolids-borne trace metals from the entrenched biosolids into underlying groundwater. The study is being conducted on a mineral sands mine reclamation site near the Coastal Plain-Piedmont fall line in Dinwiddie County, Virginia. The experimental design consists of two types of biosolids and four fertilizer treatments: lime-stabilized biosolids at 329 and 657 dry Mgs/ha, anaerobically-digested biosolids at 213 and 426 dry Mg/ha, and 0 lbs N/acre, 150 lbs N/acre, 300 lbs N/acre, and 450 lbs N/acre applied annually. The biosolids were placed in subsurface trenches. Shallow wells and suction and zero-tension lysimeters were used to collect groundwater and leachate samples for analysis of subsurface loss of trace metals (e.g., Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni, Zn), and metal-binding constituents (e.g., Al, Fe, organic carbon). The data will be employed to evaluate the environmental viability of the deep row biosolids incorporation technology.