Monday, November 5, 2007
42-9

Organic No-Till Vegetable Production System: Weed Management with Cover Crops.

Gurudev Mayalagu, Plant and Soil Sciences, Alabama A&M University, 2900 Meridian St., Normal, AL 35762, Rao Mentreddy, PO Box 1208, Alabama A&M University, Alabama A&M University, Dept. Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Normal, AL 35762, and Joseph Kloepper, Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, Auburn University, 209 Life Sciences Building, Auburn, AL 35849.

            Organic farming is a recent trend to produce food free from hazardous contaminants. It involves developing biological diversity in the field disrupting pest organisms, intentional maintenance and replenishing nutrients. Weed management is a global challenge in organic farming. Under no-till conditions cover crops are incredible tool to harvest multi-benefits of weed suppression, reduce soil-erosion, break pest cycles, conserve moisture, protect beneficials, and amend soil. There is limited research on cover crop-weed interaction. Field experiments were conducted at Hazelgreen, AL to study five winter cover crops, Austrian winter peas(AWP), canola(CAN), crimson clover(CC), hairy vetch(HV), and rye(R) for their relative efficiency on weed control, biomass production, canopy cover, soil fertility and summer cash crops yield, compared against control-Fallow(F). Percent canopy cover and cover crop biomass were determined. Plant stand and canopy generally increased in all plots except for canola. Weed suppression was 100% in canola and rye, and gradually increased in CC and HV with biomass.  The weed biomass in R, CC, AWP, HV and CAN was respectively 21, 7, 2, 1.5 and 1.3 times lower than in control. Soil analysis done after fall cover crop, indicated CEC dropped the highest in plot F followed by R, AWP, CAN, CC and least in HV. Loss of P was ranged from 0.39 (F, HV) to 0.14 (R, AWP) kg ha-1. Potassium level decreased in HV, F, AWP and CAN but increased in R and CC. AWP and HV lost 3.33, 0.39 kg ha-1 of Mg and CC gained 1.49 kg ha-1. Removal of calcium was highest in all plots in the order of R, AWP, CC, F, HV and CAN ranging from 142 to 29 kg ha-1. The fresh tomato and pepper yield followed the same trend of highest (50 Mg ha-1) in AWP followed by CC similar to F, compared to CAN, HV and R ranging from 39 to 21 Mg ha-1. Rye was efficient weed suppressor in winter but had considerably affected the yield of cash crops in summer. Cover crops showed variation in weed suppression, through light interception by canopy cover, allelopathic effects, and biomass acted as mulch, and sequester nutrients. Thus, choice and establishment of cover crops are very critical to manage weeds, reduce  leaching, and will serve as an eco-friendly alternative to conventional farming.