The traditional crop rotation in the semi-arid region of western South Dakota was winter wheat-fallow. The fallow phase was used to store water for the subsequent winter wheat crop. Widespread adopting of reduced-tillage systems in the region has increased water storage efficiency and this has allowed for the transition from the traditional rotation to intensified and diversified cropping systems. The Wall rotation study was established in 1994 to compare the traditional winter wheat-fallow to no-till, diversified rotations. Nine rotations, two to six years in duration, are currently being evaluated. All phases of each rotation are grown each year. Reduced and no-till production practices are used to grow the crops except in the winter wheat– fallow rotation. The experiment is arranged in a randomized complete block design with treatments replicated four times. Over the last 10 years winter wheat grain yields in the conventional winter wheat-fallow rotation averaged 3,292 kg/ha while winter wheat grain yields in diversified rotations that include broadleaf crops (winter wheat-safflower-millet) or corn (winter wheat-corn-millet) averaged 2,552 kg/ha. Over the same time period, winter wheat yields in the winter wheat-millet rotation averaged 2,150 kg/ha. Yields of alternative crops including sunflower, safflower, chickpea and corn varied widely, and were strongly influenced by the growing season precipitation. Overall, the long term trends show that the inclusion of broadleaf crops such as sunflower, safflower and peas; along with warm season grass crops like corn, helps to breaks weed and disease cycles and improves productivity and profitability.